Can proactive environmental strategy improve Multilatinas' level of internationalization? The moderating role of board independence

This paper explores the relationships between proactive environmental strategy (PES) and internationalization in emerging markets multinationals from Latin America (Multilatinas). Drawing on the resource‐based view and institutional theory and using a sample of 86 listed firms during the period 2013–2017, we find that Multilatinas with higher tiers of PES are associated with higher degrees of geographic international diversification. Because adopting PES is directly conditioned by institutional pressures to comply with stakeholders' regulations and expectations, Multilatinas that implement advanced PES will be able to achieve a higher level of international presence in foreign markets. Our results also reveal that board independence positively moderates the relationship between PES and geographic international diversification. Specifically, board independence provides Multilatinas with the opportunity to integrate valuable knowledge and expertise and thus to take advantage of implementing advanced PES to achieve even greater levels of internationalization. This study expands understanding of how environmental strategies influence internationalization of firms in the Latin American business context.     

Moving beyond the tensions in open environmental innovation towards a holistic perspective

This paper analyses factors determining open environmental innovation (EI) and explores the possibility of embracing their tensions to achieve integrated environmental strategic goals. Building on recent literature linking open innovation and EI, the study assumes open EI strategic goals as a multidimensional construct based on the “synergistic and interwoven nature” of four identified enabling factors, that is, partners, knowledge, benefits, and motivations. A fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) based on Boolean algebra is conducted to analyse a set of 186 European companies operating in the telecommunication and information and communication technology (ICT) service industries. Making important theoretical, managerial, and policy contributions, this paper offers insights into the key factors enabling open EI and the tensional relationships within and between them. In doing so, it captures the non‐linear effects among these factors and the strategic goals related to an open EI strategy. It also suggests how the paradox theory might help in addressing the tensional dilemma of open EI strategy.     

京沪高铁沧州西站客流特征及服务策略研究

京沪高铁的开通,促进了河北省沧州市与北京、天津、上海等国内一线城市的交流,对加快河北省经济发展具有重要意义。基于京沪高铁沧州西站客流调查数据,文章从旅客的基本情况、出行目的、费用来源、月均收入、出行方向等方面分析了沧州西站的客流结构特征,从旅客的出行次数、结伴人数、出行时间、返程时间和车站的位置、服务等方面分析了沧州西站的旅客出行特征。在此基础上,从开行方案、票制、票价、交通换乘、服务方式等方面提出提升沧州西站服务的策略建议。     

退出型市场背景下企业怀旧营销策略研究

怀旧营销是企业根据消费者的怀旧心理采取的一种针对性的促销策略。在企业经营过程中，企业出于某种战略视野，主动会有组织有计划地撤出某些产品、行业和市场。本文通过退出型市场概念及特征的分析，提出了退出型市场背景下企业开展怀旧营销的相关策略建议。     

食品安全检测技术对食品质量安全的影响

食物的品质安全是保证人们生命健康的关键因素,是人们赖以生存与发展的最主要的前提条件.而随着社会主义市场经济的日益发展,人们的生活水平也在逐步改善,对食物的安全品质问题也越来越关注.目前,在我国的食品安全监督管理检验中,不论是在技术上,还是在产品质量安全监督管理方面,都仍面临着许多不足和问题,并不断影响检验技术的深入发展与完善.因此,本文重点对食品安全监督管理检验技术进行了论述与研究,期望可以通过了解该技术进展状况,为我国食品领域发展提出合理的指导意见,实现我国食品安全监督管理检验技术水平的进一步提高,进而促进我国食品领域的健康发展.     

文化背景下大学生网络培养高校社区体育志愿者的可行性及策略研究

高校培养社区体育志愿者,不仅有广泛社会支持和持续稳定的高素质人才资源,还有大学生内在动力的不断转变和国外志愿服务的成功经验,因此高校完全具有培养社区体育志愿者的可行性。高校在培养社区体育志愿者的过程中,应让大学生树立正确的志愿理念,开设有针对性的培训课程,并且积极完善志愿服务激励机制,为志愿者搭建适宜的服务平台,以保证社区体育志愿服务的长效发展。     

Fallback Bargaining

Under fallback bargaining, bargainers begin by indicating their preference rankings over alternatives. They then fall back, in lockstep, to less and less preferred alternatives – starting with first choices, then adding second choices, and so on – until an alternative is found on which all bargainers agree. This common agreement, which becomes the outcome of the procedure, may be different if a decision rule other than unanimity is used. The outcome is always Pareto-optimal but need not be unique; if unanimity is used, it is at least middling in everybody's ranking. Fallback bargaining may not select a Condorcet alternative, or even the first choice of a majority of bargainers. However, it does maximize bargainers' minimum satisfaction. When bargainers are allowed to indicate impasse in their rankings – below which they would not descend because they prefer no agreement to any lower-level alternative – then impasse itself may become the outcome, foreclosing any agreement. The vulnerability of fallback bargaining to manipulation is analyzed in terms of both best responses and Nash equilibria. Although a bargainer can sometimes achieve a preferred outcome through an untruthful announcement, the risk of a mutually worst outcome in a Chicken-type game may well deter the bargainers from attempting to be exploitative, especially when information is incomplete. Fallback bargaining seems useful as a practicable procedure if a set of reasonable alternatives can be generated. It leapfrogs the give-and-take of conventional bargaining, which often bogs down in details, by finding a suitable settlement through the simultaneous consideration of all alternatives.     

The “Euro Illusion”: Illusion or Fact?

The changeover to the euro elicited an upsurge of research on the effects of the new currency on consumers’ conversion strategies, price estimates, price evaluations, choices, and purchases. This research includes longitudinal surveys, interviews, and controlled experiments, both natural and in the laboratory. The present article starts with an overview of this research after which it more specifically focuses on research showing an influence of the nominal value, as expressed in different currencies, on price evaluations and consumer choice. For most countries, the transition to the euro led to a lower nominal value currency. A bias known as the “euro illusion” has been documented such that the subjective value of money is influenced in the direction of the nominal value (i.e., in most countries prices and salaries seem smaller when expressed in euros than in the old domestic currency). Although the term was coined in connection with the euro changeover, the nominal representation of a currency has been shown to influence the subjective value of money in unfamiliar currencies other than the euro. Thus, tourists travelling abroad may frequently be subject to such an illusion. Different mechanisms have been proposed to account for the euro illusion. One is the numerosity heuristic and another the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic in conjunction with biased conversion strategies. The size of the euro illusion is influenced by trade-offs between accuracy and effort. Consistent with this hypothesis, task importance, time constraints, familiarity with the conversion strategy, complexity of the conversion strategy, mood, and attitude towards the country or the currency all influence the size of the euro illusion.     

Rethinking the new corporate philanthropy

More than ever, corporations are expected to practice “citizenship” by engaging in various community or social philanthropy programs. These corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs have broad appeal among business scholars, business executives, and the public. After first setting some theoretical boundaries for CSR as it relates to the legal and strategic management fields, the authors examine how CSR (both its implementation and expectations) can lead to unintended results, compromising the distinct roles business and government play in market-driven, democratic systems.